
Shareholder Oppression Claims in South Africa: What Section 163 Really Protects
Section 163 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 provides shareholders and directors with a statutory remedy where the affairs of a company are conducted in a manner that is
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Section 163 of the Companies Act 71 of 2008 provides shareholders and directors with a statutory remedy where the affairs of a company are conducted in a manner that is

In South Africa’s evolving commercial landscape, shareholder disputes are an increasingly common feature of company life—particularly in owner-managed businesses, startups, and closely held companies. If not addressed early and strategically,

Urgent applications are intended for situations where an applicant cannot obtain substantial redress through the ordinary course of court proceedings. Because they allow litigants to bypass standard procedural timelines, urgent

In certain situations, waiting for the normal pace of litigation is simply not an option. Where immediate action is required to prevent serious harm, South African law provides a powerful

Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment (B-BBEE) is a cornerstone of South Africa’s economic transformation framework. It is designed to advance meaningful participation by previously disadvantaged individuals in the mainstream economy, while

Why is privacy and data protection so important? Personal data has arguably become the greatest asset of our generation. Given the rapid rise of innovative technologies, cloud mobility, and the

Introduction Employee share schemes (ESS) or more frequently referred to as an Employee Share Option Plan (ESOP), are tools used by business owners to grant eligible employees the opportunity to

Board Meetings, Resolutions, Quorums and Voting Explained Introduction: When it comes to the control of a company, the Companies Act, 71 of 2008 (“the Act“) expressly provides that the business

When high-growth companies issue shares, there are typically two parties receiving shares: founders and investors. Founders own ordinary shares and investors are issued preference shares in return for their investment,

The Companies Act, 71 of 2008 (“the Companies Act “), has brought a significant change in the manner South Africa implements and perfects mergers and amalgamations. With a complete paradigm

Registering a business in South Africa has become so easy – the need to leave your house and stand in never-ending queues is long gone in our technologically-advanced world. Below,

An Employee Share Ownership Plan (ESOP) allows SMEs and Start-ups to award shares or share options to key employees and members of their team. This is a creative tool used